Phases - Resources - The Physics Hypertextbook

Resources

solid
liquid
gas
glass
- general
  - British Glass
  - Corning, Incorporated
  - Corning Museum of Glass
  - Glass, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
- liquid or solid?
  - Analysis Shatters Cathedral-Glass Myth, Science News, 30 March 1998
  - Is Glass Liquid or Solid? Philip Gibbs, Usenet Physics FAQ
  - Glass Flow, Urban Legends Archive
- amorphous steel
  - Amorphous Steel, Physics News Update, 21 June 2004
  - Lu, Liu, and Porter. Amorphous Steels. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 92 (18 June 2004)
- glassy ice
  - Extra-Dense Glassy Ice, Physics News Update, Number 612 #3 (6 November 2002)
  - Finney, et al. Structure of a New Dense Amorphous Ice. Physical Review Letters.Vol. 89, No. 20 (October 2002)
- miscellaneous
  - Float Glass Manufacturing Process Video, Glass Association of North America
  - OneWay Bullet Resistant Glass, Advanced Blast Protection
  - Toothpaste Is a Glass, Physical Review Focus (28 November 2000)
  - ZBLAN Research Takes Step Forward (zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium), Marshall Spaceflight Center, NASA
plasma
polymorphs and allotropes
- Allotropes, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
- carbon
  - Mineralogy Database with individual pages on …
    - Chaoite
    - Diamond
    - Graphite
    - Lonsdaleite
  - Diamond, Molecule of the Month, University of Bristol
  - The Mysterious Allotropes of Carbon, Dendritics (gemstone retailer)
    Nearly all of the links are broken, but the concepts on this page are still sound.
  - New Carbon Polymorph (named pococamo!), Molecular Simulations Inc.
    - Structural properties, contains virtual reality lattice models for several carbon polymorphs
  - buckminsterfullerenes
    - C₆₀: a New Form of Carbon. Krätschmer W., et al. Nature. Vol. 347 (27 September 1990) 354–358.
    - C₆₀: Buckminsterfullerene. Kroto, H.W., et al. Nature. Vol. 318 (18 October 1985): 162–163.
    - fullerenes.com, One time home of the Fullerenes and Nanotubes Review, Institute of Health Information and Statistics (IHIS), Croatia. Now home of nothing.
  - synthetic diamond
    - Man-made Diamonds. Bundy, F.P., et al. Nature. Vol. 176 (9 July 1955): 51-55.
    - Preparation of Diamond. Bovenkerk, H.P., et al. Nature. Vol. 184 (10 October 1959): 1094-1098.
- cocoa butter
  - Fryer, Peter and Kerstin Pinschower. The Materials Science of Chocolate. Materials Research Society Bulletin. Vol. 25 No. 12 (December 2000).
  - Polymorphism (in cocoa butter suppositories), Laszlo Prokai, University of Florida
  - Polymorphism of natural fats, Kees "Chocolate" van Malssen, et al., Universiteit van Amsterdam
  - related web pages
    - Cool Chocolate, New Scientist, 9 May 1998
    - An Examination of the Inter-relationship between Structure and Growth Kinetics associated with the Crystallisation of Long-chain Hydrocarbons, Richard van Gelder, Alessandra Rossi, & José Marcos Sasaki
    - Optimisation of Chocolate Manufacturing: In-Situ Small Angle x‑ray Scattering (SAXS) of Cocoa Butter Crystallisation, Australian Synchrotron, 2003
    - Using synchrotron radiation to examine the in-situ processing of long-chain hydrocarbons, Richard van Gelder, Kevin J Roberts, & Alessandra Rossi
- iron & steel
  - American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
  - Glossary of Steel Industry Terms, Metal Strategies, Inc. (MSI)
  - NIST and the World Trade Center, National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST)
  - Stainless Steel Technical Information, Southern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA)
  - Students and Specifiers Notes, Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA)
  - White Paper, Stainless Steel, Stainless Plate Products USA
  - United States Fire Administration Technical Report Series (Documents hosted at interFIRE.org
    Structural failures in steel buildings caused by fire related softening.)
- oxygen
  - ozone
    - find something
  - red oxygen (O₄)
    - The ε Phase of Solid Oxygen: Evidence of an O₄ Molecule Lattice, Federico A. Gorelli, et al., Physical Review Letters, November 1999.
    - New Form of Oxygen Found, Fulvio Cacace, et al. Nature, November 2001.
- water
  - ice XII
    - John Finney, University College London
    - C. Lobban, J.L. Finney, W.F. Kuhs. The structure of a new phase of ice. Nature. Vol. 391 (15 January 1998): 268 - 270.
phase changes
- sublimation
  - The Lower End of the Sublimation Curve. B. Diu, et al. European Journal of Physics. Vol. 23 No. 2 (March 2002): 205-212.